Deeds of Variation – a taxing issue

A quick glance at the daily newspapers and tuning in to radio call-ins and it is clear that the upcoming events in May are grabbing the media's attention. People are expressing their opinions as to who they think will win and who the big losers will be; how money could be better spent and whether current leaders should be replaced come the end of May. With not only the Premier League looking like it will culminate in another epic battle, but the FA Cup Final also taking place (which deserves a mention if only for my beloved Reading being within touching distance of gracing the occasion with their presence), May is on a lot of people's minds.

But moving away from issues in the sporting world, there is an even more significant event happening this May – even more important than the ten-strong B P Collins team tackling the London West Tough Mudder event, which is taking place in the name of supporting the mental health charity Mind. Yes, I am of course referring to the general election taking place on May 7, when millions of people will mark their ballot papers to vote for who they want to represent their constituency in Parliament.

In the run up to this, the Chancellor’s annual Budget was announced recently, whereby George Osborne set out the Government's intended spending plans.

Here in the private client practice, I was delegated the task of being on 'Budget Watch' to identify any news which would affect our working practices and the advice that we provide to clients, so that it could be posted on to our various social media channels for clients to be kept informed.

Amongst the introduction of the Personal Savings Allowance (which allows the first £1,000 interest an individual receives from their savings in a tax year to be tax free) and the Help to Buy ISAs for first-time buyers, the issue announced by the Chancellor of the Exchequer which caught our attention was that the use of Deeds of Variation is to be reviewed, and a report to be completed by the Autumn.

Whether this is just a political ploy used to undermine Labour leader Ed Miliband – as he and his brother David were alleged to have used a Deed of Variation with their mother Marion to vary the terms of their father’s will, so as to move ownership of a proportion of the family home into Ed and David's names – or not, will come to light in due course.

Tax avoidance has been a topic which the media have devoted many column inches to over the last few years, no less so than throughout the recent scandal involving HSBC. The announcement in the Budget to review Deeds of Variation may be a technique used by the Government to show the public that they are serious about tackling tax avoidance and that these instruments are one means for the wealthy to avoid tax.

Nevertheless, it should be remembered that these are useful documents which can help families re-distribute an estate so that it is as tax efficient as possible. 

In my first month in the practice group, I was asked to draft a Deed of Variation for an elderly client who was receiving an inheritance from their sibling, but as they had a sizeable estate already, they wanted to vary the sibling's will so that the inheritance was divided equally between their four children instead. This was opposed to the client gifting the money to the children directly; as such gifts are classified as 'Potentially Exempt Transfers' or 'PETs', and are included in an individual's death estate if made less than seven years before death. As inheritance tax was payable on the sibling's estate anyway, the use of the Deed of Variation meant that double taxation was avoided.

There are of course strict requirements that the Deeds of Variation must comply with in order to be held valid. Firstly, they must be created within two years of the death of the relevant person; it must be in writing and be signed by all of the beneficiaries who are wishing to divert their inheritance.

There are a number of situations in which it is useful to consider having a Deed of Variation, including where an individual has been omitted from the deceased's Will, or their inheritance is not seen as adequate based on the value of the deceased's estate.

A Deed of Variation can also be used to reduce the rate of inheritance tax that applies against an estate by varying the Will so as to give 10% of the deceased's net estate to charity, which qualifies the estate for the 36% rate of tax as opposed to the 40% rate. Money going to a charity registered in the EU from a deceased's estate does not attract inheritance tax as they enjoy 'charity exemption'. Of course this will not be beneficial to all estates and therefore professional advice should be taken by the executors and beneficiaries.

If you have any queries regarding Deeds of Variation, or other issues regarding estate administration, or you wish to discuss estate planning measures that you can take in order to minimise the inheritance tax that your estate will incur, then please contact a member of our private client team.

So as May draws ever closer, all preparations and discussions become increasingly more heated and intense, both in and between the political parties ahead of the election, but also for the B P Collins' Tough Mudder team, with team members frantically preparing their training regimes. I know that, for me, my labrador Bertie is starting to lose his patience with my exercise regime infringing on his walks which have been replaced with runs, as he is perennially unable to pace himself and so ends up exhausted after 200 metres. Let's just hope that the political party leaders all pace themselves for the general election better than Bertie does.

Posted by Thomas Bird, trainee in the private client practice group.

Thomas Bird started his training contract with B P Collins in September 2013. He graduated with a first class honours in International Business in 2010 before completing a Masters in Law at the University of Sheffield, attaining a commendation. Thomas worked as a paralegal within the Litigation and Dispute Resolution team for 3 months in 2012 and also gained legal experience at a well-respected firm in Leeds in 2011.

The case for and against an online dispute revolution

The internet, the modern means for doing almost anything, but what about solving disputes?

Online Dispute Resolution (‘ODR’) already exists (in relation to starting a claim only) in some forms e.g. money claim online. However, this year, an advisory group set up by the Civil Justice Council are going to explore the possibility of expanding ODR for disputes under £25,000.

Canada and the Netherlands currently offer systems of ODR and many have been using the popular auction website eBay's ODR system successfully for a number of years, resulting in over 60 million resolved disputes. So, is it time for us to jump on the bandwagon too?

It is easy to see the benefits of ODR, which aims to make the civil justice system more accessible, cost-effective and quick through e-negotiation and e-mediation.

Convenience is a substantial benefit of ODR, as disputes can be resolved from the comfort of one’s home where communication between both sides and mediators can occur at a flexible pace. This gives parties time to think carefully about what they want to say, eliminating the risk of things being said in the heat of the moment.

A further benefit from the extension of ODR will be to the courts that continually struggle with an increasing caseload. ODR will remove minor disputes and free up valuable Court resources.

Despite the benefits, ODR will also have disadvantages. One of the main benefits of mediation is face to face communication, allowing parties to show emotions connected with disputes and gauge each other's reactions. This element of human interaction often helps bring disputes to an end, which may mean that ODR may become harder to resolve.

Opponents of ODR argue that it creates a two tier system for solving disputes: one cheap and cheerful and the other expensive and exclusive. But this may not be a bad thing?

For substantial matters solicitor involvement and traditional court services are vital. However, for smaller disputes, solicitors’ involvement and court fees can often become disproportionate. Some argue that ODR is a technique to edge out lawyers but already many people with smaller disputes represent themselves as litigants in person. The expansion of ODR could implement a simple system to help those in these circumstances, not taking work away from solicitors but improving the system for those who would have never paid solicitors fees anyway.

ODR’s most substantial problem is that it assumes all parties will have internet access. An Office for National Statistics report in 2013 stated that 73% of adults in Great Britain accessed the internet every day, but what about the rest?  How many adults never have any access to the internet?  In addition, access to the internet is very different to having the ability to utilise any online system set up by the Civil Justice Council.   

As use of the internet expands, it seems logical to create efficient mechanisms of dispute resolution through this entity. Certainly for substantial or complex disputes, the traditional systems are required but an alternative ODR system for minor disputes will undoubtedly extend access to justice for parties involved in smaller disputes.

The litigation and dispute resolution practice group at B P Collins LLP is well equipped to deal with a dispute of any size. For further information and advice please contact a member of the team by calling 01753 279039 or emailing disputes@bpcollins.co.uk. 

Posted by Lucy Newman, trainee in the litigation and dispute resolution practice group.

Lucy graduated from the University of Nottingham in 2011 with a degree in Politics and American Studies (International Study). She went on to complete the Graduate Diploma in Law and Legal Practice Course at the University of Law (Bloomsbury).

After working as a paralegal in the Real Estate team for a large city law firm, Lucy joined B P Collins LLP in September 2014.

The damaging consequences of receiving poor legal advice

Coming to terms with the fact that one day you may not be able to support your loved ones is tough, so it pays to take a recommended professional's opinion. Despite being only four weeks into my training contract I have already witnessed the damaging consequences of receiving poor legal advice, often from unregulated parties.  New clients have contacted the Private Clientpractice group requesting further assistance on trusts they have already created based on the advice of others.  One particular Will and Trust writer has been the source of many people's misery and what makes this particular circumstance so deplorable is their professional looking website and specialist TV advertising, enticing the public to use their services.     

One of the most shocking examples of this is a recent case which I have been assisting in, that relates to a couple who set up three trusts, the first involving their family home and the others a rental property they jointly own.

Like many others, this couple were hoping to prevent their children being faced with high inheritance tax charges upon their death. Unfortunately the trust writer failed to provide them with any information on the tax implications that would arise in creating the trusts.

With the help of this  trust advisor, the couple transferred the family home into an ‘interest in possession’ trust, with the couple holding the life interest in the property, meaning despite not being the legal owners they were free to live in the property for the rest of their lives. The rental property was transferred into two discretionary trusts, which mirrored each other, meaning the value of the property  was effectively removed from their estates.

However, the couple had not been informed that all lifetime transfers into relevant property trusts are immediately subjected to inheritance tax, meaning that the family home, which was valued at £380,000 and the rental property, valued at £300,000, were subject to inheritance tax payable on both transfers. Thankfully for the couple their combined nil rate bands were available and equated to £650,000, therefore no inheritance tax was payable up to this amount. Nonetheless because the combined value of the properties equated to £680,000,   £30,000 over the nil rate band threshold, the £30,000 was immediately liable to inheritance tax at 20%.

As one can imagine, this couple who were trying to avoid inheritance tax charges on their deaths were not too thrilled to discover that inheritance tax was still due. To make matters worse, because the couple continue to live in the family property it will still be included as part of their estate for inheritance tax purposes when they die and their children will be taxed anyway. However, the transfer of the rental property into trust had effectively removed it from their estates for inheritance tax purpose on death.

In addition to the advice on inheritance tax, advice on capital gains tax and income tax should have also been provided. The transfer of the properties into trust triggered a disposal for capital gains tax purposes. Luckily for the couple there were two relief's available to them to eliminate the tax payable.

Firstly, Principal Private Residence Relief could be claimed for the family home, meaning that no capital gains tax would be payable on this. Secondly, the couple could claim holdover relief for the rental property meaning they would not be liable for the capital gains tax themselves. Instead the trustees  in acquiring the property for the original acquisition value that the couple  first paid will be liable for the capital gains tax on the property’s rise in value when they dispose of it.

The downside of all this to the couple  is that from the date the trusts were created, they   could no longer receive the income  from the rental property, as this would have to be paid into the trust and the trustees will have to pay the income tax on this.

Many will be surprised to learn about the numerous tax liabilities trusts can create and those who wish to create them must ensure they receive sound advice beforehand. For this poor couple the tax advice came too late but this certainly highlights the importance of instructing a quality solicitor who can advise you on the multiple implications of any transaction you wish to make.  

Posted by Lucy Newman, trainee in the private client practice group.

Lucy graduated from the University of Nottingham in 2011 with a degree in Politics and American Studies (International Study). She went on to complete the Graduate Diploma in Law and Legal Practice Course at the University of Law (Bloomsbury).

After working as a paralegal in the Real Estate team for a large city law firm, Lucy joined B P Collins LLP in September 2014. 

Complex immigration rules made simpler with expert legal advice

The subject of immigration is rarely out of the news. Having gained first-hand experience in business immigration matters while with the top ranked B P Collins LLP employment group, I can see why.

The rules on immigration are in a constant state of flux. This year alone, we have seen the introduction of the Immigration Act 2014, changes to the Immigration Rules and changes to several of the policy guidelines, to name but a few. How does anyone keep up?

The changes reflect the Government's tougher stance on immigration as well as a shift of responsibility onto those who directly benefit from migration, for instance employers and education providers.

In most circumstances, a business that wishes to employ workers from outside of the European Economic Area ('EEA') must apply for a sponsor licence.

I have assisted with one of our business immigration matters from start to finish and soon realised that obtaining a sponsor licence is not as straight forward as it might seem at first glance.

Our client is the UK branch of a USA parent company that wished to bring an experienced employee of the USA parent company into the UK to train its employees.

Before considering an application for a sponsor licence, we reviewed our client's contracts and handbooks, advised on the suitability of different visas for its intended migrant worker and assessed whether the proposed migrant was eligible under the Points Based System ('PBS').

Each type of migrant visa requires the migrant to meet specific qualifications and remuneration in accordance with the PBS. After all, there is little point in applying for a sponsor licence if the intended migrant does not meet the requisite requirements for the Certificate of Sponsorship (CoS) or the visa application.

After obtaining the sponsor licence, we advised our client on how to assign a CoS to the USA migrant worker through the Sponsorship Management System.

As well as advising our client, we also liaised directly with the USA migrant to ensure all of her paperwork was in order in preparation for her visa application.

Any inaccuracies could have resulted in our client's sponsor licence application being rejected or the intended migrant being unsuccessful. Thankfully, it all went off without a hitch!

We also advised our client on its continuing responsibilities as a sponsor licence holder. The home office has powers to downgrade, suspend and revoke sponsor licences where they believe the employer to be in breach of the licence conditions.

As recently as 4 September 2014, UK Visa & Immigration (UKVI) has introduced further guidance on the responsibilities of those who sponsor migrant workers, with an emphasis on the repercussions of failing to meet them.

The guidelines reflect changes that were arguably already in motion. Statistics released on the www.publications.parliament.uk show a 178.4% increase in Tier 2 and Tier 5 sponsor licence suspensions from the third quarter of 2013 to the fourth quarter.

Sponsor licence holders should take heed of the recent changes and last year's statistics. It is essential that all licence holders are aware of their increased responsibility. They must have the appropriate procedural compliance checks in place to ensure they are successful in their application for a sponsor licence and to avoid their licence subsequently being downgraded, suspended or revoked.

Posted by Rebecca Mitchell, trainee in the employment practice group.

Rebecca started her training contract in September 2013 after graduating from Newcastle University with a 2:1 (BA Hons) in History. She undertook the Graduate Diploma in Law at Kaplan Law School and has recently completed the Legal Practice Course with distinction.

How much is that doggy in the court room?

We have all heard the expression 'a pet is for life, not just for Christmas', but what happens when its owners decide to part ways?

A recent article by Deborah Rook, entitled "Who Gets Charlie? The Emergence of Pet Custody Disputes in Family Law: Adapting Theoretical Tools from Child Law’’, examines the way pets are treated during divorce proceedings in different jurisdictions. Where arrangements for an animal cannot be agreed between parties, the family courts in England and Wales are forced to apply pure property law principles and, in doing so, the animal’s feelings, emotions and well-being are disregarded. It is effectively treated as just another item on the list of the parties’ property and is given to the person who can best prove they are its legal owner.

Rook calls for a new approach within English law, stating that it must “fit within the existing property paradigm but nevertheless recognise the special nature of this living and sentient property”. One such way to do this, Rook suggests, would be to create a test not unlike the well-established 'best interests of the child test' that is applied to the equivalent argument in respect of children.

However, whilst using the ‘best interests of the child’ test as a “useful eyepiece through which to view pet custody”, Rook accepts that it would not be appropriate, or indeed proportionate, to go so far as to replicate the test in the case of pets.

As a lover of animals, I fully sympathise with those who face losing their pets at an already deeply distressing stage of their lives. I certainly cannot imagine having my own pets taken from me at such a time. Despite this, and donning my recently-acquired trainee solicitor hat, I find myself agreeing with the arguments that altering the test and encouraging litigation would be a waste of costs and time in a court system that is already fit-to-burst.

To date there is little in the way of case law on the subject from the English courts, and, perhaps unsurprisingly, it is the US that is most frequently cited as creating the biggest waves in the field. Judges there are showing a growing willingness to give increasing emphasis to what is in the best interests of the pet in question, including considering the separating couple’s respective lifestyles, suitable surroundings for the animal and whether it has attachments to particular individuals.

In Raymond v Lachman, for example, the New York appellate court allowed a cat to “remain where he has lived, prospered, loved and been loved for the past four years”. There have also been awards of shared custody, visitation and maintenance payments to owners, and there is even a market for specialist pet custody mediators.

Whilst arguing over the family pet may seem a little trivial and disproportionate in terms of costs, it is often seen by parties as a yardstick in financial proceedings, with disagreements over the family pet threatening to derail negotiations. Many people have very strong emotional ties to their pets and can seek to cling on to what they represent of their old life at a time of otherwise great instability and chaos. Despite this, it is highly unlikely the law will change any time soon. Application of a test comparable to the 'best interests of the child' test encourages costly litigation due to the unpredictability of the outcome.

The animal charity Blue Cross have recently devised a 'pet-nup' which aims to provide for what happens to a pet when a couple separates. Whether or not these agreements will be enforced by the courts remains to be seen. In the absence of a pet-nup, and perhaps in any event, with an already crowded court system I would suggest quarrelling pet-owners are best advised seeking alternative methods of dispute resolution, such as mediation or arbitration.

Posted by Emily Halley, trainee in the Family practice group.

Emily graduated from the University of Bristol in 2010 with a degree in Mathematics and Biology. She went on to study the GDL and the LPC at the College of Law in London (Bloomsbury), gaining a Distinction in both years.

My first week as a trainee at B P Collins LLP

Now that week one is under my belt, I’ve found some time to look back and reflect on the things I’ve learnt so far as a new trainee at B P Collins.

It is always daunting starting a new job, especially when it's one that you’ve worked so hard to get, and by 9am on Monday morning the nerves had really kicked in. Thankfully, once I’d walked through the doors at Collins House, I was immediately put at ease by the number of faces I remembered from the assessment day a year before. Even better, many remembered me.

I had only been in the office for less than an hour when my supervisor said; “I’ve got a client meeting at 1pm, come along.” That was that; I was dictating attendance notes by the afternoon, drafting particulars of claim for a client the day after, and by Thursday I’d drafted my first witness statement. The B P Collins website says that the firm ‘are keen to test ability, aptitude and commitment from day one’ – and that couldn’t be more accurate.

It was refreshing to see that the ‘responsibility in a challenging yet friendly’ environment I had been promised all throughout the recruitment process is there for me to take advantage of. I had spent a long time looking at law firms through work experience placements and vacation schemes, so when I applied to B P Collins, I knew what I wanted from a law firm and it was these promises that really appealed to me. But with so many law firms promising so many things to prospective budding young lawyers, it’s always interesting to see whether they can live up to their word.

I once read a trainee brochure from a notorious magic circle firm professing to offer a healthy work/life balance and that amused me. Forgive the clichés, but I knew I wanted to be somewhere that I could learn quickly and would be trusted to work directly on matters alongside supportive colleagues, and so far that’s what I’ve experienced. For me, spending two years nursing paper cuts in a photocopying room is not a training contract well spent, and thankfully (so far as I can see), the firm share this philosophy.

Of course there will inevitably be a long bundling session thrown in now and then, and of course starting any new job carries the same frustrations; countless training sessions, spending hours getting to grips with the systems, processes and procedures, and most importantly, learning everyone’s name (it can be quite awkward when you’re looking at a partner’s picture on the intranet to find his name, for him to come up behind you and see his face on the screen). Hopefully it won’t take me too long to get there though.

All in all, I’ve had an exciting, interesting, informative and thoroughly fun first week, which was appropriately topped off with a drink or two in the local pub with colleagues to celebrate.

I am looking forward to what week two has in store for me.

Posted by Elizabeth Maxwell, trainee in the Litigation and Dispute resolution practice group.

Elizabeth graduated from Royal Holloway, University of London in 2008 with a degree in History and Politics. She went on to study the GDL at BPP London (Waterloo) and the LPC at the University of Law (Bloomsbury).

Co-Complimentary – a trainee on the transaction trail

Being a trainee in the Corporate and Commercial practice (CoCom) is an eye-opening experience. I don't mean in the 'aggressive optician' kind of way, but I really have found it fascinating because it's a great opportunity to understand how businesses work in a way that no other practice can show you.

In my opinion, only once you have assisted clients in the context of corporate law do you really have the opportunity as a trainee to get a bird's-eye view of everything – its services and products, structure, share capital, directors, employees, assets, contracts, suppliers, customers, turnover, tax reliefs etc. I often find it useful to draw spider diagrams so I can visualise the structure of a group of companies. At times the diagram can be very simple (probably a pyramid shape) or frustratingly complex (imagine a stick-man fighting an octopus).

I am currently assisting a partner in a transaction in which our client is selling its company. Luckily, I have been involved from the beginning and hopefully will see the deal complete before I move seats. At the outset, the supervising partner told me that by the end of the transaction I will know the business inside-out (and probably better than the sellers themselves). Finding myself in the middle of drafting a disclosure letter, I can certainly see what he means. If you are not familiar with the 'disclosure letter' then I will explain this further below. It is the main stage in a transaction's due diligence process.

Let me give you a brief run-through. The purchaser, Just Buying Limited, is buying the entire share capital of iSell2U Limited (obviously woefully fictitious names). Both parties will enter into a share purchase agreement (SPA) - the main document that governs the acquisition. At the core of the SPA will be the warranties. A warranty is a statement of fact. Numerous warranties will usually appear in a separate (and very large) schedule to the SPA. In an acquisition, the principle of caveat emptor applies (or 'buyer beware'). This means that Just Buying has no automatic protection from the law as to the nature and extent of the assets and liabilities it is acquiring.

So, in order to find out as much as it can about iSell2U, Just Buying will insert numerous warranties into the SPA to try and fish out any areas of concern. There will be warranties in relation to all sorts of aspects of iSell2U's business so that it knows exactly what it's buying. If a warranty does not accurately reflect the true position of iSell2U's business, then it is up to iSell2U's solicitors to 'disclose' against it. These disclosures are made in a disclosure letter. If a disclosure is made against a warranty which does not reflect well on iSell2U's business, then Just Buying may use that disclosure to negotiate a reduction in the purchase price. If iSell2U does not disclose against a warranty when in fact it should have, Just Buying may be able to sue for breach of warranty. This should be avoided at all costs.

Time for an example. A typical warranty could say something like "There are no contracts to which the Company is a party which has more than three months left to run and which the Company cannot terminate by three months' notice or less without payment of compensation or damages". To consider this warranty fully, and avoid the risk of breaching a warranty, I would need to review every single contract that iSell2U is a party to, and read its duration and termination provisions in order to see whether it can terminate the contract with three months' notice without any unwanted repercussions. Every single contract which is not caught by the warranty will then need to be detailed in the disclosure letter. This can take a very long time, but it is a great way to understand the company's contractual commitments.

As you can imagine, after dealing with approximately 40 pages of warranties relating to every single aspect of the business, you begin to know the company very well. It really is a great way to grasp the complexity of a business and adapt what you have learnt to other clients and even current affairs. It is tasks like these that make you realise how useful a seat in CoCom is, wherever you may want to qualify.     

Posted by Rajiv Malhotra, trainee in the corporate and commercial practice group

      

Rajiv graduated with LLB (Hons) from the University of Birmingham in 2007, before completing the Legal Practice Certificate at BPP Law School in London. After acting as a Legal Assistant with a large Watford firm, Rajiv joined B P Collins in April 2012 as a paralegal before beginning his training contract in September 2013.